4 Types of Coffee Beans: How to Choose
Updated - Team Colipse
Types of coffee beans refer to the various species of coffee that come from the coffee plants. There are four different types of coffee beans: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa, with Arabica and Robusta being two of the most popular types.
Besides species, types of coffee beans are further categorized by their varieties, cultivars, origins, quality, processing method, farming practices, and roast level. Different types of coffee beans come in various sizes, are grown in various countries under different conditions, and are used for different types of coffee drinks.
Regarding the number of coffee bean types, experts at World Coffee Research identify more than 120 coffee varietals—genetically distinct variations within a single species. These varietals, or varieties, refer to naturally occurring variations of coffee. Cultivars, on the other hand, are coffee varieties that have been specifically bred or selected by humans for certain traits, like disease resistance or flavor profile.
The choice of coffee bean type and roast level, combined with the brewing method, significantly impacts the final flavor. This can make choosing the best type of coffee beans and grounds for different coffee drinks a bit complex. The following list shows 4 different types of coffee beans and their characteristics.
What are Coffee Beans?
Coffee beans are the seeds of the coffee plant (Coffea), a shrub or small tree native to tropical regions. The fruit of the coffee tree, called a coffee cherry, contains coffee beans. Coffee cherry changes color as it ripens, transitioning from green to red (or purple) to black. The ideal time for harvesting coffee cherries is when they are red (or purple). Each cherry usually contains two flat coffee beans, although single, round beans known as "peaberries" can also occur.
After harvesting, the coffee beans are removed from the fruit, processed, and then referred to as green coffee beans. Interestingly, coffee beans are primarily made of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, and various organic compounds, including caffeine, which gives coffee its stimulating effects. These compounds contribute to coffee's unique aroma, flavor, and acidity. The two most common coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta, with Arabica beans typically bigger than Robusta.
What are the 4 Most Popular Types of Coffee Beans?
The four most popular types of coffee beans are Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa. Arabica beans dominate global production due to their smooth, aromatic flavor with chocolate and caramel notes. Robusta beans, the second most popular, offer a bolder, more bitter taste with a higher caffeine content, often used in espresso blends. Liberica beans, from West Africa and Malaysia, have a fruity flavor with a smoky aroma, while Excelsa beans, reclassified as part of the Liberica family, offer a tart, dark flavor with notes of fruit and spice. Each coffee bean type possesses distinct characteristics that influence the final cup, from its origin and processing method to its roast level and brewing technique.
The four main types of coffee beans are listed below.
- Arabica
- Robusta
- Liberica
- Excelsa
1. Arabica Coffee Beans
Arabica coffee beans are the seeds of the Coffea arabica plant. Arabica coffee beans originated in South Ethiopia's forests and spread globally by the mid-1700s. Arabica coffee beans are the most popular type of beans in the world. In 2023, Arabica beans made up over 60% of the global coffee supply, with a projected 2024 production of 99.8 million 60-kilogram bags per the USDA’s Foreign Agriculture Service. Brazil supplies nearly 40% of the world's Arabica coffee. Other major Arabica coffee producers include Colombia, Ethiopia, and Honduras.
The two most common types of Arabica coffee varietals are Typica and Bourbon, while rarer types include Geisha (Gesha), Blue Mountain, and Pink Bourbon. The best Arabica coffee beans are those that suit individual preferences for flavor, aroma, and acidity. Many brewing methods are suited for Arabica coffee beans, but they go exceptionally well in drip coffee, single-serve coffee, cold brewing, and espresso.
Arabica coffee is known for its natural sweetness, fruity flavors like berries, apples, tropical fruits, and subtle floral notes of jasmine, hibiscus. It often has higher acidity, described as bright, tangy, or wine-like. Roasting can impart nutty, caramel, or chocolate undertones. However, compared to Robusta, Arabica has a lighter body and a clean, lingering aftertaste.
This table summarizes the key characteristics of Arabica coffee beans.
| Characteristic | Description of Arabica Coffee Beans |
|---|---|
| Coffee Bean Species | Arabica coffee beans are seeds of the Coffea arabica plant. |
| Agronomic Traits | High altitude cultivation (1,200 to 2,200 meters or 4,000 to 7,200 feet above sea level), highly susceptible to climate variations, prefers volcanic or sandy loam soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. |
| Climate Adaptability | Optimal growth at temperatures of 15-24°C (59-75°F) and annual rainfall between 1,200 and 2,700 mm, requiring a dry period for flowering. |
| Coffee Bean Varieties | Popular Arabica varieties include Typica, Bourbon, Caturra, and SL28. Notable for high quality but variable yield; Typica and Bourbon are known for complex flavors. |
| Fruit Characteristics | Arabica coffee cherries are oval-shaped and mature in 7-9 months. They turn bright red or yellow when ripe and typically contain two flat seeds. |
| Coffee Bean Size | Beans typically range from 10-18 mm in length and 6.5-9.5 mm in width. Arabica beans are often larger and more elongated compared to Robusta beans. |
| Processing | Arabica coffee is primarily processed through wet (washed) processing to enhance acidity and clarity, but dry (natural) processing is also used to create specific flavor profiles. |
| Coffee Bean Flavors | Arabica coffee beans has delicate and complex flavors with notes of fruit, floral, and sugar; acidity ranges from bright to mellow, body is typically light to medium. |
| Uses | Primarily used in high-quality blends and single-origin specialty coffees. |
| Best Coffee Drinks | Ideal for pour-over, French press, espresso, and cold brew. Highlights subtle flavors, especially in single-origin brews. |
| Most Producing Countries | Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, with significant contributions from Honduras, Peru, and Guatemala. |
How to Choose Arabica Coffee Beans?
To choose Arabica coffee beans, check for a high-altitude origin, as beans grown above 800 meters often have richer flavors. Look for roast date freshness, prioritize single-origin options for specific taste profiles, and consider the roast level based on your brewing method. Light to medium roasts best preserve Arabica's natural flavors.
What are the Best Arabica Coffee Beans to Buy?
Colipse offers Arabica coffee beans for sale suitable for various coffee drinks. Our best choice is medium roast Arabica Blend. This 100% Colombian Arabica coffee has a warm, inviting flavor with rich cocoa and bright citrus notes. This blend is well-balanced, featuring hints of toffee and subtle berry, and offers a smooth, lingering aftertaste with a pleasant chocolatey finish. Ideal for drinks like pour-over, black coffee, and espresso-based beverages, including lattes and cappuccinos, that highlight its smooth, nuanced flavors.
2. Robusta Coffee Beans
Robusta coffee beans are the seeds of the Coffea canephora plant, native to Central and Western Africa. Robusta coffee grows well at altitudes below 600 meters and is highly resistant to pests and diseases, making it resilient in various climates. This coffee bean is widely cultivated in equatorial East Africa and Southeast Asia, with Vietnam, Brazil, and Indonesia as leading producers.
The two most common types of Robusta coffee beans include Erecta and Nganda. The two most rare types of Robusta coffee beans include Congensis found in Central Africa and Laurentii. The best types of Robusta coffee beans are those that provide a strong, full-bodied flavor with a minimal bitterness and a smooth finish. Espresso, French press, Cold Brew, and Moka pot are among top brewing methods that work well with Robusta.
Robusta coffee is known for its strong, earthy flavor profile, often described as bold and bitter with notes of dark chocolate, nuts, and a slight graininess. Its body is fuller and more intense than Arabica, with a heavier, lingering aftertaste. While Robusta has lower acidity than Arabica, its higher caffeine content creates a robust, pronounced flavor. This strength makes it ideal in espresso blends, enhancing crema and providing a substantial mouthfeel.
The following table shows the key characteristics of Robusta coffee beans.
| Characteristic | Description of Robusta Coffee Beans |
|---|---|
| Coffee Bean Species | Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner. |
| Agronomic Traits | Low-altitude cultivation (0 to 800 meters or 0 to 2,600 feet above sea level), highly resistant to climate change, pests, and diseases. |
| Climate Adaptability | Optimal temperature: 22-30°C; rainfall requirement: 1,500-3,000 mm annually; high tolerance for heat and humidity. |
| Coffee Bean Varieties | Two primary groups: Guinean and Congolese; notable varieties include Conilon (Brazil) and Kouilou. |
| Fruit Characteristics | Robusta coffee beans are small, round, with a yellowish or pale color before roasting; typically have a convex or dome-shaped structure. |
| Coffee Bean Size | Smaller than Arabica beans; average length is around 8-12 mm, with a thickness of about 6-8 mm. |
| Processing | Primarily wet and natural (dry) processing; wet processing removes more bitterness, while natural processing enhances earthy flavors. |
| Coffee Bean Flavors | Strong, earthy, and bitter flavor profile with notes of wood, chocolate, and nut; low acidity, higher bitterness due to 2-3% caffeine content. |
| Uses | Primarily used in espresso blends, soluble (instant) coffee, and budget-friendly coffee products; some specialty single-origin varieties are emerging. |
| Best Coffee Drinks | Espresso-based drinks (e.g., espresso shots, lattes), cold brew, and instant coffee. |
| Most Producing Countries | Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Uganda, and India, which account for over 90% of global Robusta production. |
How to Choose Robusta Coffee Beans?
To choose Robusta coffee beans, focus on their origin, roast level, and intended flavor profile. Robusta beans from regions like Vietnam or Brazil often offer bold, earthy flavors. Select a darker roast for a stronger taste, or a medium roast for a smoother experience. Check freshness by looking for a recent roast date.
What are the Best Robusta Coffee Beans to Buy?
Colipse offers robusta coffee beans for sale suitable for various coffee drinks. Our top pick for energizing Robusta coffee beans is medium roast India Robusta Cherry. This 100% Robusta coffee, shade-grown in Kerala, India, has an earthy, woody aroma with a hint of chocolate. The deep, rich flavor showcases rye and molasses notes. Roasted to order, this specialty coffee is versatile but especially delicious when brewed as espresso or in milk-based drinks like lattes and cappuccinos.
3. Liberica Coffee Beans
Liberica coffee beans are the seeds of the Coffea liberica plant, indigenous to the tropical forests of West and Central Africa. Liberica coffee beans were introduced as a commercial crop in the 1870s due to their resilience against the coffee leaf rust outbreak that devastated Arabica plantations in Asia. Today, Liberica constitutes less than 1% of global coffee production, with key cultivation areas in Malaysia, the Philippines, and some parts of Africa, including Uganda and Sierra Leone.
The most common type of Liberica coffee bean is Kapeng barako, also known as Barako coffee. Rare types of Liberica coffee beans include Abeokutae, Aruwimiensis, Arnoldiana, Bwambensis, Gossweileri, Aurantiaca, and Passipagor. The best types of Liberica coffee beans are those that are carefully processed and roasted to bring out their unique flavor profile. Brewing methods that suit Liberica coffee beans include hot and cold immersion, percolation, and drip coffee.
Liberica coffee beans offer a bold, earthy flavor with smoky and woody notes, complemented by hints of dark fruit and floral undertones. Its low acidity and high body give it a rich, full mouthfeel, unlike the lighter, fruitier profile of Arabica. Proper processing can bring out notes of chocolate, jackfruit, and even tropical fruits. Liberica’s unique flavors and fuller body make it an interesting choice for those looking to explore beyond traditional Arabica or Robusta varieties.
The following table shows the key characteristics of Liberica coffee beans.
| Characteristic | Description of Liberica Coffee Beans |
|---|---|
| Coffee Bean Species | Coffea liberica var. liberica |
| Agronomic Traits | Lower altitude cultivation (typically 200 to 800 meters or 650 to 2,600 feet above sea level), highly adaptable to peatland and resilient against pests and climate variability. |
| Climate Adaptability | Thrives in temperatures of 24-30°C with annual rainfall of 1200-3000 mm, tolerant to humid, tropical environments. |
| Coffee Bean Varieties | Liberoid Meranti, excelsa (subspecies), and other native Liberica strains. |
| Fruit Characteristics | Large, thick, and fleshy cherries with an oval, almond-like shape; green beans have a dense structure with wide leaves on the plant. |
| Coffee Bean Size | Large; approximately 12-15 mm in length and up to 10 mm in width. |
| Processing | Typically processed using wet fermentation (e.g., with Bacillus bacterial strains), enhancing flavor development. Commonly dried to a moisture level of around 12% before roasting. |
| Coffee Bean Flavors | Distinct, complex profile with smoky, woody, nutty, chocolate, caramel, spicy, and fruity (e.g., jackfruit) notes, especially pronounced in medium and dark roasts. |
| Coffee Bean Uses | Often used in blends for unique flavor complexity; single-origin Liberica is marketed as a specialty coffee with complex flavors and niche appeal. |
| Best Coffee Drinks | Recommended for bold coffee drinks like espresso, Americano, and French press, highlighting its unique, intense flavor profile. |
| Most Producing Countries | Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines |
How to Choose Liberica Coffee Beans?
To choose Liberica coffee beans, evaluate flavor profile, origin, and roast level. Liberica beans have a distinctive fruity, floral taste, often more robust and smoky than Arabica. Opt for beans from specific regions like the Philippines or Malaysia, where Liberica is well-cultivated, and select medium to dark roasts for a full-bodied experience. At Colipse, we do not offer Liberica coffee beans.
What are the Best Robusta Coffee Beans to Buy?
For the best Liberica coffee beans, consider options with high quality, bold flavors, and a unique fruity aroma. Liberica beans are often sourced from Malaysia and the Philippines, with brands like Kapeng Barako and Liberica Coffee Co. offering rich, aromatic beans that stand out in taste.
4. Excelsa Coffee Beans
Excelsa coffee beans are the seeds of the Coffea liberica var. dewevrei plant, a botanical variety within the Liberica species. Originating in Central and West Africa, Excelsa coffee was later introduced to Southeast Asia, where it gained popularity due to its resilience in tropical climates. Although Excelsa represents only a small fraction of global coffee production (around 2%), it is highly valued for its unique flavor and aroma profile. Key cultivation areas include Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, Malaysia, and parts of Africa.
There aren't distinct types of Excelsa coffee beans in the same way there are different types of Arabica coffee beans. Various brewing methods suit well for Excelsa coffee beans, including hot and cold immersion, percolation, espresso, and drip coffee. The best Excelsa coffee beans are those that suit the individual's taste preferences and brewing methods.
Excelsa coffee beans are known for their bold and complex flavors, often described as earthy, smoky, and fruity, with hints of dark berries, jackfruit, and floral undertones. It has a full-bodied mouthfeel with low acidity, making it smoother and less tangy than Arabica. Roasting brings out rich, roasted nut and chocolate notes along with a subtle sweetness.
This table summarize key characteristics of Excelsa coffee beans.
| Characteristic | Description of Excelsa Coffee Beans |
|---|---|
| Coffee Bean Species | Coffea liberica var. dewevrei plant, a variety within the Liberica species. |
| Agronomic Traits | Thrives at altitudes of around 500 meters and in warmer climates with resistance to leaf rust and other diseases. |
| Climate Adaptability | Prefers temperatures of 17-30°C and can grow in diverse conditions, including peatlands and lowlands. |
| Coffee Bean Varieties | Primarily includes the variety Coffea liberica var. dewevrei, commonly referred to as Excelsa. |
| Fruit Characteristics (How do the Coffee Beans Look) | Larger and more irregularly shaped than Arabica and Robusta beans, with a distinct, teardrop shape and a smoother surface. |
| Coffee Bean Size | Larger than both Arabica and Robusta beans, with beans reaching up to 20 mm in length. |
| Processing (How are coffee beans made) | Common post-harvest processes include natural, honey, semi-washed, and wine processes, each influencing the coffee’s flavor profile and chemical composition. |
| Coffee Bean Flavors | Rich, complex flavor profile with a blend of bitter, sweet, and sour notes. Tasting notes often include tart and fruity elements, with earthy undertones and a fuller body. |
| Uses | Mostly used as single-origin due to unique flavor profile, but can be blended to add complexity to other coffee types. |
| Best Coffee Drinks | Best suited for pour-over and French press, which highlight its complex flavors. Works well in single-origin espresso. |
| Most Producing Countries | Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines. Mainly grown in Southeast Asia. |
How to Choose Excelsa Coffee Beans?
To choose Excelsa coffee beans, pay attention to their aroma, flavor profile, and freshness. Look for beans with a fruity, tart aroma, often paired with earthy notes. Ensure beans are whole and freshly roasted to preserve Excelsa's unique flavors of dark fruit and spice. At Colipse, we do not offer Excelsa coffee beans.
What are the Best Excelsa Coffee Beans to Buy?
The best Excelsa coffee beans to buy are sourced from Southeast Asia, particularly from Vietnam and the Philippines, where they thrive in tropical climates. Look for Excelsa beans that emphasize fruity and tart flavors, with a full-bodied profile. Popular brands include Nguyen Coffee Supply and Copper Cow Coffee, known for authentic Southeast Asian sourcing and high quality.
What are the Different Types of Coffee Beans Varieties?
Different types of Arabica coffee bean varieties include Bourbon, Typica, and Geisha, while Robusta varieties include Erecta and Nganda. Coffee varieties are genetic groups within coffee species, each with unique characteristics shaped by origin (e.g., Ethiopia or Colombia), farming practices, growing region, altitude, bean size, and disease resistance like leaf rust. Different coffee bean varieties have distinct cupping profiles, with significant variations in aroma, flavor, acidity, and body. Nutritional values, including caffeine and mineral content, can also differ.
Some coffee varieties, like Caturra, SL34, and Pacamara, result from natural mutations, while others, such as Castillo, Catimor, and Ruiru 11, are hybrids from intentional breeding between different coffee plants. Cultivars are selected coffee varieties maintained through cultivation for traits like disease resistance, high yield, or unique flavor. In the strictest sense, a coffee "cultivar" is a plant variety that has been produced through cultivation and is maintained through farmer-assisted propagation. All coffee cultivars are varieties, but not all coffee varieties are cultivars.
How do Coffee Bean Types Differ Based on Roasting?
Coffee bean types differ based on roasting through the development of varying flavor profiles, acidity levels, body characteristics, and aroma complexities. Coffee roasting is the process of heating green coffee beans to unlock and enhance these inherent qualities.
The main types of coffee bean roasts—Light, Medium, Medium-Dark, and Dark—offer distinct flavors and caffeine levels. Light roasts retain more caffeine and acidity, creating a mild flavor. Medium roasts balance acidity and sweetness. Medium-Dark roasts add caramelized richness, while Dark roasts provide bold, smoky flavors with reduced acidity. This roasting spectrum creates varied taste experiences in coffee bean selection.
How To Choose Dark Roast Coffee Beans?
To choose the best dark roast coffee beans, seek out beans with tasting notes of dark chocolate, spice, or even smoke. These beans are roasted longer, resulting in a bold, full-bodied flavor with lower acidity.
How To Choose Medium Roast Coffee Beans?
To choose the best medium roast coffee beans, look for beans with a balanced flavor profile, showcasing notes of chocolate, nuts, or caramel. Medium roasts offer a versatile choice, suitable for various brewing methods.
How To Choose Light Roast Coffee Beans?
To choose the best light roast coffee beans, opt for beans highlighting floral, fruity, or citrusy aromas. These beans are roasted for a shorter duration, preserving their bright acidity and delicate flavors.
How To Choose Coffee Bean Types According to Brewing Method?
To choose coffee bean types based on your brewing method, consider the method's unique traits.
- For espresso, which uses high pressure and a short extraction time, use a dark roast with a fine grind for a strong, concentrated flavor.
- For French press and cold brewing, where the coffee steeps for longer, use a medium-to-coarse grind with medium or dark roasts to avoid over-extraction and bitterness.
- For drip coffee, a medium roast with a medium grind provides a balanced flavor extraction for this popular method.
Single-origin beans from high altitude regions like Ethiopia or Kenya are a great choice for pour-over methods like Chemex or Hario V60 as they allow the nuances of the bean to shine. Specialty coffee blends can be a good option for everyday brewing methods like drip coffee, providing a consistent taste. Single origin coffee beans and blends are among the many types of coffee beans offered by Colipse.