Coffee Buying Guide: How to Choose the Best Coffee Beans

This coffee buying guide covers how to find the best coffee beans for every brewing method. It includes everything you need to know about buying coffee beans, from where and how they're grown and different roast levels, to choosing a coffee maker, and beyond. This guide to buying coffee beans by Colipse explores how to pick the right specialty coffee, the perfect grind, proper storage, preparation tips, facts about coffee beans, and more.

What are Coffee Beans?

Coffee beans are the seeds of the coffee plant (Coffea), a shrub or small tree native to tropical regions and belonging to the Rubiaceae family. The coffee tree is a long-lived shrub, with a lifespan of up to 70 years. It first flowers in its third year, but profitable coffee bean production typically begins in the fifth year.

The coffee tree has evergreen, spear-shaped leaves that grow in pairs. The fruit of the coffee tree, called a coffee cherry, contains coffee beans. Coffee cherry changes color as it ripens, transitioning from green to red (or purple) to black. The ideal time for harvesting coffee cherries is when they are red (or purple). Each cherry usually contains two flat coffee beans, although single, round beans known as "peaberries" can also occur. After harvesting, the coffee beans are removed from the fruit, processed, and then referred to as green coffee beans. Once roasted and grounded, coffee beans release their distinctive aroma and flavor, ready to be brewed.

What is the Difference Between Whole Bean vs Ground Coffee?

The main difference between whole bean and ground coffee lies in form, freshness, and convenience. Whole bean coffee consists of roasted beans in their unground form, requiring grinding before brewing. This allows customers to brew fresh coffee with a grinder, offering various styles and flavors depending on the chosen roasting method. Ground coffee, conversely, is pre-ground for immediate brewing. While more convenient, ground coffee loses freshness faster, impacting its taste. When choosing between the whole bean or ground coffee, consider that whole beans require a grinder and more time, while pre-ground coffee offers convenience at the expense of flavor control.

What are the Different Types of Coffee Beans?

The four main types of coffee beans are Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa. Each bean offers unique flavors and is grown in different climates, contributing to distinct tastes. Arabica beans have a mild, complex flavor, Robusta is stronger and more bitter with more caffeine, Liberica offers a smoky profile, and Excelsa provides tart, fruity notes. Arabica is considered the highest quality due to its smooth, nuanced flavor and lower bitterness. It grows in high-altitude regions, requiring more care, which contributes to its premium status.

Both the type of coffee bean and its growing region significantly affect its taste. For example, Ethiopian coffee beans are known for their fruity and floral notes, while Colombian coffee beans offer a well-balanced cup with hints of caramel. Single-origin and blends are other classifications of coffee. Single-origin coffee beans come from one specific region or farm, offering unique flavors that reflect the area's terroir. Blends combine beans from different regions for consistency and complexity. Neither is inherently better, as preference depends on flavor profile and purpose. Other types of coffee beans include peaberry coffee, which contains a single rounded bean per cherry, offering a more concentrated flavor, and wild coffee, which grows naturally without cultivation, producing unique, organic flavor profiles.

What is the Difference Between Arabica and Robusta Coffee Beans?

The main difference between Arabica and Robusta coffee beans is in taste and caffeine content. Arabica beans offer a smoother, sweeter flavor with fruity or floral notes and have less caffeine, while Robusta beans taste bolder and more bitter, with nearly double the caffeine. Arabica beans contain more sugar (5-9%) and polysaccharides (48-55%) than Robusta, which has 4-7% sugar and 38-48% polysaccharides, resulting in a sweeter, complex flavor. In contrast, Robusta’s lower sugar content gives it a bitter, sometimes rubbery taste.

What are Different Types of Coffee Bean Varieties?

Different coffee bean varieties, including Bourbon, Typica, Geisha, Caturra, Kona, and more, are genetically distinct groups within a coffee species. They differ in terms of origins, growing regions, altitude, bean size, susceptibility to leaf rust, yield potential, flavor profile, and nutritional values.

Coffee varieties arise through natural evolution (mutations) or intentional breeding (hybrids) between different types of coffee plants. Cultivars are specific coffee varieties that have been selected and maintained through cultivation for their desirable traits like disease resistance, higher yield, or unique flavor profiles. In the strictest sense, a coffee "cultivar" is a plant variety that has been produced through cultivation and is maintained through farmer-assisted propagation. All coffee cultivars are varieties, but not all coffee varieties are cultivars.

Where is Kona Coffee Grown?

Kona coffee is grown on the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa in the North and South Kona Districts of Hawaii's Big Island. These areas within Hawaii’s Kona district provide the unique combination of volcanic soil, high altitudes, warm temperatures (70-80°F), and abundant rainfall that create ideal conditions for growing Kona coffee. The area’s cloud cover and morning sunlight balance temperature, promoting optimal bean development. Regular rainfall provides consistent moisture, essential for healthy coffee plants. Kona coffee is known for its high quality and ranks among the world’s most expensive coffees.

Where are High Quality Coffee Beans Grown?

Most high quality coffee beans grows within the 'Bean Belt,' a region between 25°N and 30°S of the Equator. This area offers an ideal climate for coffee with mild temperatures, ample rainfall, and specific soil types. Coffee is cultivated in over 50 countries worldwide, including North America, the Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Oceania.

Arabica coffee, produced mainly in Brazil, Colombia, and Ethiopia, is grown in over 30 countries. Varieties like Bourbon, Typica, Mundo Novo, Caturra, SL28, and Java each have unique traits and ideal growing environments. Most Robusta coffee grows in Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa, and South America, with Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Uganda, and India producing over 90% of the global supply.

Which Countries Grow the Most Coffee Beans?

The top coffee producing countries include Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and Peru in Latin America, which supplies 55.5% of the world’s coffee and 80% of its arabica beans. Vietnam and Indonesia produce the most coffee in Asia, with Vietnam ranking as the world's second-largest coffee producer.

Is Single Origin Coffee Better?

Single-origin coffee is often preferred for its distinct flavor, but preference for single-origin versus blends is subjective, varying by individual taste. Single origin coffees are often more complex and nuanced than blends, showcasing varied flavors influenced by their unique growing conditions.

How are Coffee Beans Produced?

Coffee bean production begins with harvesting ripe coffee cherries, followed by processing to extract beans, drying to reduce moisture, milling to remove outer layers, grading for quality, and exporting. Roasting enhances flavor, grinding prepares beans for brewing, and brewing extracts flavors into the final coffee drink.

Coffee growing methods include organic, biodynamic, shade-grown, and sun-grown techniques. Organic coffee avoids synthetic chemicals, while biodynamic coffee applies holistic, spiritual principles under Demeter Certification. Shade-grown coffee fosters biodiversity by growing under tree canopies. Sun-grown coffee maximizes yield in full sun, common in Colombia and Brazil, though it risks deforestation.

What are the Conditions for Growing Coffee Beans?

Coffee beans grow best in warm, tropical climates with temperatures between 60-70°F (15-24°C) and require high humidity, frequent rainfall, and shaded sunlight. Ideal soil conditions are well-drained, slightly acidic (pH 6-6.5) with organic-rich content. Elevations between 2,000-6,000 feet (600-1,800 meters) often produce superior flavor profiles.

How does the Coffee Processing Method Impact the Flavor Profile of Coffee Beans?

The coffee processing method affects flavor by altering acidity, sweetness, and body. The coffee processing method refers to the techniques used to remove coffee beans from their cherry, influencing the beans’ flavor. Key methods include washed, semi-washed, natural, and honey processing, each affecting bean taste and aroma. Washed processing produces a clean, bright taste with higher acidity, while natural processing creates a fruitier, fuller-bodied profile. Honey processing yields a balanced flavor with moderate acidity and sweetness. Coffee beans are evaluated post-processing by grading based on aroma, flavor, acidity, body, and balance. Evaluators use cupping techniques to assess each quality aspect, scoring beans to determine their quality and market value.

What is the Purpose of Coffee Cupping in Evaluating Coffee Beans?

Coffee cupping assesses coffee beans by aroma, flavor, acidity, body, and aftertaste, helping grade them for quality and compare cultivars. This standardized tasting method identifies beans' flavor profiles and quality attributes, including aroma and acidity. Coffee beans with the highest cupping score are often sold at premium prices, marketed as specialty coffee, and selected by roasters seeking high-quality, distinct flavors.

What Cupping Score Qualifies Coffee Beans as Specialty-Grade Coffee?

To be qualified as specialty coffee, beans must achieve a score of 80 points or higher on a 100-point scale under SCA Green Coffee Grading Protocols. This rigorous evaluation process distinguishes specialty coffee from commercial coffee in terms of quality, traceability, and market positioning. Specialty coffee refers to a type of traceable coffee that provides detailed information about its origin, including the farm, growing conditions, processing methods, and flavor profile.

What Certifications are Most Commonly Found with Specialty Coffee Beans?

Certifications commonly found with specialty coffee beans include USDA Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, and Bird Friendly. These certifications ensure that coffee is produced sustainably and ethically. A coffee certification is an official designation verifying that coffee meets certain standards in areas like sustainability, organic production, or fair labor practices. It ensures compliance with specified criteria from organizations.

Are Organic Coffee Beans Better than Regular Coffee?

Organic coffee beans are often considered better because they're grown with fewer pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers, promoting environmental sustainability and often resulting in higher antioxidant levels. Organic coffee is coffee grown without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Certified organic coffee meets strict USDA standards, promoting biodiversity and soil health. The main difference between organic vs non-organic coffee beans is the use of chemicals. Non-organic coffee often uses chemicals to boost yield, negatively impacting both the environment and the coffee's quality.

What Impact does Coffee Roasting Have on the Flavor of Coffee Beans?

Coffee roasting significantly affects flavor. Lighter roasts highlight the bean’s original flavor with fruity or floral notes, while darker roasts bring out deeper, bitter, and smoky flavors. Coffee roasting is the process of heating green coffee beans to bring out flavor, color, and aroma, transforming them into drinkable coffee. Coffee roasting levels include light, medium, and dark, and in between these main categories, there are several sub-levels that offer a nuanced range of flavors.

Are Light Roast Coffee Beans More Acidic than Dark Roast?

Yes, light roast coffee beans are more acidic than dark roast. This is because longer roasting times decrease acidity. As the beans roast, the chemical compounds responsible for acidity break down with heat. Beyond acidity, a key difference between light and dark roasts is their flavor profile. Light roasts retain more of the original bean flavors and have higher caffeine content. Dark roasts develop a more bitter, bold flavor profile, with slightly reduced caffeine due to prolonged roasting. Another difference is the oil content; dark roasts appear oilier because the roasting process draws oils to the surface.

How To Choose Dark Roast Coffee Beans?

To choose the best dark roast coffee beans, seek out beans with tasting notes of dark chocolate, spice, or even smoke. These beans are roasted longer, resulting in a bold, full-bodied flavor with lower acidity.

How To Choose Medium Roast Coffee Beans?

To choose the best medium roast coffee beans, look for beans with a balanced flavor profile, showcasing notes of chocolate, nuts, or caramel. Medium roasts offer a versatile choice, suitable for various brewing methods.

How To Choose Light Roast Coffee Beans?

To choose the best light roast coffee beans, opt for beans highlighting floral, fruity, or citrusy aromas. These beans are roasted for a shorter duration, preserving their bright acidity and delicate flavors.

Which Grind Size Suits various Coffee Beans Best?

The ideal grind size for coffee beans depends on the brewing method. Espresso requires fine grind size, AeroPress fine to medium, drip coffee uses medium, and French press and cold brew is best with a coarse grind. Each grind size impacts extraction time, enhancing flavor for each brewing method. Coffee grinding is the process of breaking down coffee beans into smaller particles to release flavors for brewing and allowing water to extract flavor. If you use whole beans, water can't fully penetrate, resulting in weak, coffee-flavored water.

Is Coarse or Fine Grind Better for Dark Roast Coffee Beans?

Coarse grinding is generally better for dark coffee beans as it slows the extraction, reducing bitterness and highlighting deeper flavors. Fine grinding extracts more quickly, which can intensify bitter notes. The main difference between coarse and fine grinds lies in extraction rate and flavor. A coarse grind yields a mellower cup by slowing this process, while a fine grind hastens it, producing a bolder, sometimes more intense, brew. Coarse grinds suit methods like cold brew; fine grinds fit Moka pot.

What are the Best Coffee Brewing Methods for Fresh Coffee Beans?

The best coffee brewing methods for fresh coffee beans include espresso, French press, cold brew, pour over, drip coffee, AeroPress, Moka pot, and Turkish coffee. Each method offers unique flavors: espresso is intense, French press is rich, and pour over is clean. Cold brew produces a smoother, less acidic taste.

Select the best brewing method for coffee by understanding how each method interacts with coffee bean types. Some methods highlight bean origin characteristics, while others need adjustments to grind size, roast, or origin for optimal flavors. The best coffee beans for making coffee depend on your personal preferences and desired flavor profile.

Which Coffee Beans are Best for Espresso?

The best coffee beans for espresso are medium-dark roast blends of Arabica and Robusta beans. These blends provide a balance of sweetness, acidity, and body, with a rich flavor ideal for espresso. Medium-dark roasting enhances bold flavors and helps create a thick crema, perfect for espresso brewing under high pressure.

Are Espresso Beans Stronger than Regular Coffee Beans?

No, espresso beans are not inherently stronger than regular coffee beans. The perceived strength comes from espresso’s concentrated brewing method, which uses less water. In terms of caffeine, espresso has about 63 mg per ounce, while regular coffee averages 12-16 mg per ounce. The main difference between espresso beans and regular beans lies in their roast level and grind size. They are typically dark-roasted to enhance bold, rich flavors suited for espresso extraction.

Which Coffee Beans are Best for Cold Brew?

The best coffee beans for cold brew are medium to dark roasts because they extract well during the long steeping process without becoming bitter. Coarsely ground beans, similar to coarse sand, prevent over-extraction. Freshly roasted single-origin beans or blends with distinct flavors also enhance the brew’s quality.

Which Coffee Beans are Best for French Press?

The best coffee beans for French press are medium to dark roast varieties. These beans enhance the bold, full-bodied flavor ideal for immersion brewing. Use freshly roasted, coarsely ground beans to prevent grit. Single-origin beans or blends with distinct flavor profiles work best for this method.

Where to Buy Fresh Roasted Coffee Beans?

There are many websites to buy fresh coffee beans online, including Colipse. Colipse, established in 2024, is an online coffee store that sells specialty-grade, roast-to-order coffee beans. Available as whole beans or grounds, Colipse offers more than 30 different single-origin and blended varieties from various coffee-growing regions. All coffee is sold online in 12 oz bags.

What is the Price for Coffee Beans?

The price for coffee beans ranges from under $15 to over $60, depending on factors like source, quality, and rarity. Grocery store coffee is typically under $15, specialty roasters offer beans for $15-$35, and high-end specialty coffees can cost $35-$60 or more. This table outlines the price ranges for different coffee beans.

Here at Colipse, we offer several specialty coffee beans and grounds in single origin or blend options, each at a different cost with free shipping on all orders. You can purchase our house blend, perfect for your everyday morning cup, from $19.95 per 12 oz bag. For most of our specialty coffee blends, small-batch roasted to highlight unique flavor profiles, expect to pay around $22.50 per 12 oz bag. Our premium single origin beans from places like Bali, Kenya, and Colombia start at $24.50 per 12 oz bag. Colipse sells decaf coffee beans and grounds for $24.95 per 12 oz bag. Browse our full coffee bean selection.

How Should Coffee Beans be Stored for Optimal Freshness?

Maximize coffee freshness by storing roasted beans in opaque, airtight containers at room temperature, minimizing exposure to air, moisture, heat, and light as recommended by the National Coffee Association (NCA). Giselle F Abreu from the University Center of Cerrado advises a controlled environment for roasted coffee beans, suggesting 11% moisture, 10°C (50°F), and 50% humidity for optimal storage. For longer-term storage, freezing is effective: a 2023 study published in Scientific Reports shows that freezing beans at -10°C (14°F) or refrigerating at 10°C (50°F) in airtight containers preserves flavor and quality, while a 2018 Beverages Journal study found freezing dark roast beans at -20°C (-4°F) maintains fresh-roasted aroma.

Do Coffee Beans Expire?

Yes, roasted coffee beans do lose their quality over time. During roasting, coffee gains those delicious flavors, but the process also makes it degrade faster. Oxidation, a process similar to rusting, affects the shelf life of coffee beans. This process is influenced by factors such as whether the beans are whole or ground, as well as temperature, moisture, and oxygen exposure, according to Emma Sage from the Specialty Coffee Association.

Can You Drink Coffee from Expired Coffee Beans?

Yes, you can drink coffee from expired coffee beans as long as it shows no mold or off smells. While old coffee is safe, its taste often deteriorates, so if it doesn't taste good, discard it to improve your coffee experience. "Bad" coffee often results from highly acidic beans, making it taste bitter, especially in dark roasts. However, coffee preferences vary, and some may enjoy high-acidity flavors despite the common perception.

What Does Coffee Taste Like?

A good quality coffee tastes both sweet and bitter, often with hints of acidity. Quality coffee has a unique complexity because coffee beans contain hundreds of flavor compounds, creating a blend that is hard to compare directly to other beverages. Coffee tasting is the sampling process of coffee's flavor, aroma, acidity, body, and aftertaste. Each element—aroma, flavor, acidity, body, and aftertaste—helps identify quality and distinct flavors, providing insights into the coffee's origin, roast level, and brewing method.

The specialty coffee flavor wheel categorizes 136 unique flavors into primary, secondary, and tertiary groups, mapping aromas and tastes to effectively describe coffee flavor profiles. This tool empowers coffee enthusiasts to describe and appreciate the nuances of their favorite brews with greater precision.

Is Coffee Acidic?

Yes, coffee is naturally acidic with a pH ranging from 4.85 to 5.10. This acidity varies based on factors such as the coffee's origin, roast level, and brewing method. Coffee's acidity is lower than orange juice (pH 3.9) and slightly higher than dairy milk (pH 6.5).

How to Make the Best Tasting Coffee from Coffee Beans?

The following list shows how to make coffee that tastes good from whole beans.

• Measure: Use 2 tablespoons of coffee per 6 ounces of water. For accuracy, weigh beans before grinding.
• Grind: For sweetness, grind finely; for a richer taste, grind coarsely. Clean the grinder before use.
• Heat Water: Boil water, let it cool for 30 seconds, then pour over the grounds.
• Pour and Soak: Saturate grounds evenly, then wait 30 seconds before stirring gently.
• Brew: Let coffee steep for 2 minutes and 30 seconds, then press the filter gently.
• Serve: Pour and let it cool slightly to taste the full flavor.

How to Make Coffee without Coffee Maker?

To make coffee without a coffee maker, start by combining one tablespoon of coffee grounds per 5 ounces of water in a pot. Heat to a boil over medium-high heat, stirring after 45 seconds. Boil uncovered for two minutes, then remove from heat and let it brew for three minutes. Pour carefully to avoid grounds.

How Many Coffee Beans Should I Use per Cup?

To make a standard cup of coffee, use approximately 56 coffee beans, or 7 grams of ground coffee. This aligns with the "golden ratio" of 1:18 (1 part coffee to 18 parts water) recommended by the Specialty Coffee Association. The coffee ratio refers to the weight of coffee grounds to water used in brewing. However, not all brewing methods use the same ratio. For example, espresso typically uses a 1:2 ratio, while drip coffee ranges from 1:15 to 1:18. The optimal coffee ratio impacts the flavor, strength, and extraction levels by balancing the concentration of soluble compounds in the final brew.

How to Measure Coffee to Water Ratio?

To measure the coffee-to-water ratio, use a standard of 1 gram of coffee per 15-18 grams of water, depending on your preferred strength. For example, a 1:16 ratio is common: use 30 grams of coffee for 480 grams (or milliliters) of water. Many online coffee-to-water ratio calculators exist. They allow you to enter the amount of coffee or water you plan to use, and they calculate the complementary amount to achieve a balanced coffee drink based on your desired strength. At Colipse, we’ve created a simple 5-step coffee-to-water ratio calculator to estimate coffee to water ratio across 8 of the most popular brewing methods.

What Coffee Drinks Can You Make from Different Coffee Beans?

Coffee drinks made from coffee beans include espresso, cappuccino, latte, Americano, mocha, macchiato, ristretto, flat white, and more. Each uses a different brewing or milk-frothing technique but is typically based on espresso or brewed coffee. Coffee drinks are beverages made from brewed coffee beans, often enhanced with milk, cream, sugar, or flavored syrups. Different coffee drinks include variations that adjust strength, flavor, and texture through preparation techniques.

What is the Difference Between Cold Brew and Iced Coffee?

The main difference between iced coffee and cold brew lies in the brewing method and time. Cold brew steeps coarse coffee grounds in cold water for 14-26 hours, requiring more coffee and specific equipment like a grinder and mesh strainer. Iced coffee, however, is hot-brewed in minutes at 88-96°C and chilled with ice. Cold brew is stronger and less acidic, while iced coffee is lighter and faster to prepare.

How Much Caffeine is in Different Coffee Drinks?

Espresso has around 63 mg of caffeine per 1-ounce shot. A standard 8-ounce brewed coffee typically contains 95 mg, while cold brew coffee ranges from 100 to 200 mg per 8-ounce serving depending on strength. Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, cacao, and various plants. It acts on the brain and central nervous system to help reduce fatigue and increase alertness. Arabica beans contain 1.2% caffeine by weight, while Robusta beans have about 2.2%. This difference means a 12-ounce cup of Arabica coffee has about 60 mg caffeine, while the same amount of Robusta can have around 120 mg.

Does Caffeine in Coffee Beans Impact Energy Levels?

Yes, caffeine in coffee beans positively impact energy levels by blocking adenosine, a chemical that makes you tired, promoting alertness and focus. However, these beneficial effects of coffee are temporary, and excessive caffeine can cause anxiety and insomnia. Beyond boosting energy, caffeine may improve mood, enhance athletic performance, and protect against type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and liver disease. Even decaf coffee offers health benefits, as it contains antioxidants that protect cells from damage. Studies link decaf coffee to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers, though more research is needed to confirm these findings.

Does Decaf Have Caffeine?

Yes, decaf coffee contains approximately 2-5 mg of caffeine per 8-ounce (240 ml) cup. Although not caffeine-free, decaf coffee has significantly less caffeine than regular coffee, which typically has 95 mg of caffeine per cup. Decaf coffee is coffee that has had at least 97% of its caffeine removed. It retains the flavor and aroma of regular coffee but has minimal caffeine content. Decaf coffee is made by extracting caffeine from green coffee beans through methods like the Swiss Water Process, carbon dioxide extraction, or chemical solvents. Each process reduces caffeine content while preserving flavor.

What are the Ingredients in Coffee Beans?

Coffee beans contain caffeine, chlorogenic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, antioxidants, and primarily insoluble dietary fiber. The proteins include small amounts of amino acids, while the carbohydrates are mostly polysaccharides, contributing to coffee’s texture and taste. There are more than 1,000 chemical compounds in coffee.

Can You Eat Coffee Beans?

Yes, you can eat coffee beans, and they are safe to consume. Roasted coffee beans are more commonly eaten and have a rich, slightly bitter taste with nutty and chocolate-like undertones. Green coffee beans are also edible, though they are harder and have a more acidic, earthy flavor.

Does Coffee Beans Have Calories?

Coffee beans contain about 2 calories per gram, primarily from natural oils and carbohydrates. While brewed coffee has minimal calories due to extraction, whole beans retain these calories. Roasted beans have slightly more calories, around 2.5 per gram, due to water loss that concentrates oils and nutrients, compared to about 2 calories in unroasted beans. Eating coffee beans alone is unlikely to cause weight gain because of their low-calorie content, though large amounts could slightly impact daily calorie intake.

What are the Facts about Coffee Beans?

The facts about coffee are fascinating, from its origins to modern consumption. The term "Joe" for coffee originated from U.S. Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels, who banned alcohol on ships in 1914, making coffee the strongest available drink. Coffee beans trace back to Ethiopia, where records show cultivation in the 9th century. Ethiopian goat herder Kaldi discovered coffee after noticing his goats' increased energy from eating coffee cherries. By the 15th century, coffee was popular in the Middle East, spreading to Europe by the 17th century and widely consumed in America by the 18th century. Most countries have no legal minimum drinking age for coffee, but experts advise children under 12 avoid caffeine due to sleep and development concerns, and recommend teens limit intake to 100 mg daily.

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